TABLE 1


Table 1. Usage of Voting Equipment in the 1980 and 2000 Elections

	Percent of Counties   Using   Technology		Percent of 2000 Population   Covered by   Technology
	1980	2000	1980	2000
Paper Ballots	40.4	12.5	9.8	1.3
Lever Machines	36.4	14.7	43.9	17.8
Punch Card
“VotoMatic”	17.0	17.5	30.0	30.9
“DataVote”	2.1	1.7	2.7	3.5
Optically scanned	0.8	40.2	9.8	27.5
Electronic (DRE)	0.2	8.9	2.3	10.7
Mixed	3.0	4.4	10.4	8.1

TABLE 2


Table 2. Average Residual Vote By Machine Type In U.S. Counties—1988-2000 Presidential Elections

	Residual Vote
Machine Type	County   Average	Standard   Deviation	Median	Percent of All   Ballots	N
Paper Ballot	1.9	2.07	1.5	1.9	1,540
Lever Machine	1.9	1.70	1.4	1.7	1,382
Punch Card
“VotoMatic”	3.0	1.88	2.5	2.6	1,893
“DataVote”	2.9	2.73	2.0	2.4	383
Optically scanned	2.1	2.77	1.3	1.6	1,821
Electronic (DRE)	2.9	1.83	2.7	2.2	494
Mixed	2.2	1.79	1.7	1.5	283

TABLE 3


Table 3. Residual Vote as a Percent of Total Ballots Cast By Machine Type and Year U.S. Counties, 1988-2000 Presidential Elections

		Residual Vote Rate (pop-weighted avg)
bMachine Type	b1988	1992	1996	2000
Paper Ballot	2.2	1.4	2.1	1.3
Lever Machine	2.0	1.5	1.7	1.7
Punch Card
“VotoMatic”	2.9	2.2	2.6	3.0
“DataVote”	3.7	2.4	2.1	1.0
Optically scanned	2.5	2.4	1.5	1.2
Electronic (DRE)	3.5	2.5	2.9	1.6
Mixed	2.1	1.4	1.5	2.7

TABLE 4


Table 4. Which is Best? Residual Vote Attributable to Machine Type Relative to Lever Machines U.S. Counties, 1988-2000 Presidential Elections

	All Counties		Excluding Extremes
Machine   Contrast	Estimated   Difference In % RV	Margin of   Error (a)	Estimated   Difference In % RV	Margin of   Error
Paper Ballot
v. Levers	–0.55	ÿ1B0.37	–0.19	ÿ1B0.19
Punch Card
“VotoMatic”
v. Levers	1.32	ÿ1B0.38	1.11	ÿ1B0.20
“DataVote”
v. Levers	1.24	ÿ1B0.52	0.97	ÿ1B0.28
Optically scanned
v. Levers	0.11	ÿ1B0.35	–0.05	ÿ1B0.19
Electronic (DRE)
v. Levers	0.90	ÿ1B0.30	0.67	ÿ1B0.16
Number of CasesI40(1)7513I40(1)7078

TABLE 5


Table 5. Counties Using Levers in 1988 From 1988 to Current year (92, 96 or 2000).  .  .

	Change in   Residual Vote As % of All   Ballots	Avg. Change in   County   Residual Vote	Median Change in   County   Residual Vote	N
Kept Levers	–0.21	–0.13	–0.25	520
To Scanners	–0.62	–0.18	–0.32	137
To DREs	0.55	0.73	0.83	250